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*insert.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Sep 16 VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar *Insert* *Insert-mode* Inserting and replacing text *mode-ins-repl* Most of this file is about Insert and Replace mode. At the end are a few commands for inserting text in other ways. An overview of the most often used commands can be found in chapter 24 of the user manual |usr_24.txt|. 1. Special keys |ins-special-keys| 2. Special special keys |ins-special-special| 3. 'textwidth' and 'wrapmargin' options |ins-textwidth| 4. 'expandtab', 'smarttab' and 'softtabstop' options |ins-expandtab| 5. Replace mode |Replace-mode| 6. Virtual replace mode |Virtual-replace-mode| 7. Insert mode completion |ins-completion| 8. Insert mode commands |inserting| 9. Ex insert commands |inserting-ex| 10. Inserting a file |inserting-file| Also see 'virtualedit', for moving the cursor to positions where there is no character. Useful for editing a table. ============================================================================== 1. Special keys *ins-special-keys* In Insert and Replace mode, the following characters have a special meaning; other characters are inserted directly. To insert one of these special characters into the buffer, precede it with CTRL-V. To insert a <Nul> character use "CTRL-V CTRL-@" or "CTRL-V 000". On some systems, you have to use "CTRL-V 003" to insert a CTRL-C. If you are working in a special language mode when inserting text, see the 'langmap' option, |'langmap'|, on how to avoid switching this mode on and off all the time. If you have 'insertmode' set, <Esc> and a few other keys get another meaning. See |'insertmode'|. char action ~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *i_CTRL-[* *i_<Esc>* <Esc> or CTRL-[ End insert or Replace mode, go back to Normal mode. Finish abbreviation. Note: If your <Esc> key is hard to hit on your keyboard, train yourself to use CTRL-[. *i_CTRL-C* CTRL-C Quit insert mode, go back to Normal mode. Do not check for abbreviations. *i_CTRL-@* CTRL-@ Insert previously inserted text and stop insert. {Vi: only when typed as first char, only up to 128 chars} *i_CTRL-A* CTRL-A Insert previously inserted text. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-H* *i_<BS>* *i_BS* <BS> or CTRL-H Delete the character before the cursor (see |i_backspacing| about joining lines). See |:fixdel| if your <BS> key does not do what you want. {Vi: does not delete autoindents} *i_<Del>* *i_DEL* <Del> Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the end of the line, and the 'backspace' option includes "eol", delete the <EOL>; the next line is appended after the current one. See |:fixdel| if your <Del> key does not do what you want. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-W* CTRL-W Delete the word before the cursor (see |i_backspacing| about joining lines). See the section "word motions", |word-motions|, for the definition of a word. *i_CTRL-U* CTRL-U Delete all entered characters in the current line (see |i_backspacing| about joining lines). *i_CTRL-I* *i_<Tab>* *i_Tab* <Tab> or CTRL-I Insert a tab. If the 'expandtab' option is on, the equivalent number of spaces is inserted (use CTRL-V <Tab> to avoid the expansion). See also the 'smarttab' option and |ins-expandtab|. *i_CTRL-J* *i_<NL>* <NL> or CTRL-J Begin new line. *i_CTRL-M* *i_<CR>* <CR> or CTRL-M Begin new line. *i_CTRL-K* CTRL-K {char1} [char2] Enter digraph (see |digraphs|). When {char1} is a special key, the code for that key is inserted in <> form. For example, the string "<S-Space>" can be entered by typing <C-K><S-Space> (two keys). Neither char is considered for mapping. {not in Vi} CTRL-N Find next keyword (see |i_CTRL-N|). {not in Vi} CTRL-P Find previous keyword (see |i_CTRL-P|). {not in Vi} CTRL-R {0-9a-z"%#*:.-=} *i_CTRL-R* Insert the contents of a register. Between typing CTRL-R and the second character, '"' will be displayed to indicate that you are expected to enter the name of a register. The text is inserted as if you typed it, but mappings and abbreviations are not used. If you have options like 'textwidth', 'formatoptions', or 'autoindent' set, this will influence what will be inserted. This is different from what happens with the "p" command and pasting with the mouse. Special registers: '"' the unnamed register, containing the text of the last delete or yank '%' the current file name '#' the alternate file name '*' the clipboard contents '/' the last search pattern ':' the last command-line '.' the last inserted text '-' the last small (less than a line) delete '=' the expression register: you are prompted to enter an expression (see |expression|) See |registers| about registers. {not in Vi} CTRL-R CTRL-R {0-9a-z"%#*/:.-=} *i_CTRL-R_CTRL-R* Insert the contents of a register. Works like using a single CTRL-R, but the text is inserted literally, not as if typed. This differs when the register contains characters like <BS>. Example, where register a contains "ab^Hc": > CTRL-R a results in "ac". CTRL-R CTRL-R a results in "ab^Hc". < Options 'textwidth', 'formatoptions', etc. still apply. If you also want to avoid these, use "<C-R><C-O>r", see below. The '.' register (last inserted text) is still inserted as typed. {not in Vi} CTRL-R CTRL-O {0-9a-z"%#*/:.-=} *i_CTRL-R_CTRL-O* Insert the contents of a register literally and don't auto-indent. Does the same as pasting with the mouse |<MiddleMouse>|. Does not replace characters! The '.' register (last inserted text) is still inserted as typed. {not in Vi} CTRL-R CTRL-P {0-9a-z"%#*/:.-=} *i_CTRL-R_CTRL-P* Insert the contents of a register literally and fix the indent, like |[<MiddleMouse>|. Does not replace characters! The '.' register (last inserted text) is still inserted as typed. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-T* CTRL-T Insert one shiftwidth of indent at the start of the current line. The indent is always rounded to a 'shiftwidth' (this is vi compatible). {Vi: only when in indent} *i_CTRL-D* CTRL-D Delete one shiftwidth of indent at the start of the current line. The indent is always rounded to a 'shiftwidth' (this is vi compatible). {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_0_CTRL-D* 0 CTRL-D Delete all indent in the current line. {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_^_CTRL-D* ^ CTRL-D Delete all indent in the current line. The indent is restored in the next line. This is useful when inserting a label. {Vi: CTRL-D works only when used after autoindent} *i_CTRL-V* CTRL-V Insert next non-digit literally. For special keys, the terminal code is inserted. It's also possible to enter the decimal, octal or hexadecimal value of a character |i_CTRL-V_digit|. The characters typed right after CTRL-V are not considered for mapping. {Vi: no decimal byte entry} Note: Under Windows CTRL-V is often mapped to paste text. Then use CTRL-Q instead. *i_CTRL-Q* CTRL-Q Same as CTRL-V. Note: Some terminal connections may eat CTRL-Q. CTRL-X Enter CTRL-X mode. This is a sub-mode where commands can be given to complete words or scroll the window. See |i_CTRL-X| and |ins-completion|. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-E* CTRL-E Insert the character which is below the cursor. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-Y* CTRL-Y Insert the character which is above the cursor. {not in Vi} Note that for CTRL-E and CTRL-Y 'textwidth' is not used, to be able to copy characters from a long line. *i_CTRL-_* CTRL-_ Switch between languages, as follows: - When in a rightleft window, revins and nohkmap are toggled, since English will likely be inserted in this case. - When in a norightleft window, revins and hkmap are toggled, since Hebrew will likely be inserted in this case. CTRL-_ moves the cursor to the end of the typed text. This command is only available when the 'allowrevins' option is set. Please refer to |rileft.txt| for more information about right-to-left mode. {not in Vi} Only if compiled with the |+rightleft| feature (which is not the default). *i_CTRL-^* CTRL-^ Toggle the use of typing language characters. When language |:lmap| mappings are defined: - If 'iminsert' is 1 (langmap mappings used) it becomes 0 (no langmap mappings used). - If 'iminsert' has another value it becomes 1, thus langmap mappings are enabled. When no language mappings are defined: - If 'iminsert' is 2 (Input Method used) it becomes 0 (no Input Method used). - If 'iminsert' has another value it becomes 2, thus the Input Method is enabled. When set to 1, the value of the "b:keymap_name" variable, the 'keymap' option or "<lang>" appears in the status line. The language mappings are normally used to type characters that are different from what the keyboard produces. The 'keymap' option can be used to install a whole number of them. {not in Vi} *i_CTRL-]* CTRL-] Trigger abbreviation, without inserting a character. {not in Vi} *i_<Insert>* <Insert> Toggle between Insert and Replace mode. {not in Vi} ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *i_backspacing* The effect of the <BS>, CTRL-W, and CTRL-U depend on the 'backspace' option (unless 'revins' is set). This is a comma separated list of items: item action ~ indent allow backspacing over autoindent eol allow backspacing over end-of-line (join lines) start allow backspacing over the start position of insert; CTRL-W and CTRL-U stop once at the start position When 'backspace' is empty, Vi compatible backspacing is used. You cannot backspace over autoindent, before column 1 or before where insert started. For backwards compatibility the values "0", "1" and "2" are also allowed, see |'backspace'|. If the 'backspace' option does contain "eol" and the cursor is in column 1 when one of the three keys is used, the current line is joined with the previous line. This effectively deletes the <EOL> in front of the cursor. {Vi: does not cross lines, does not delete past start position of insert} *i_CTRL-V_digit* With CTRL-V the decimal, octal or hexadecimal value of a character can be entered directly. This way you can enter any character, except a line break (<NL>, value 10). There are five ways to enter the character value: first char mode max nr of chars max value ~ (none) decimal 3 255 o or O octal 3 255 x or X hexadecimal 2 ff (255) u hexadecimal 4 ffff (65535) U hexadecimal 8 7fffffff (2147483647) Normally you would type the maximum number of characters. Thus to enter a space (value 32) you would type <C-V>032. You can omit the leading zero, in which case the character typed after the number must be a non-digit. This happens for the other modes as well: As soon as you type a character that is invalid for the mode, the value before it will be used and the "invalid" character is dealt with in the normal way. If you enter a value of 10, it will end up in the file as a 0. The 10 is a <NL>, which is used internally to represent the <Nul> character. When writing the buffer to a file, the <NL> character is translated into <Nul>. The <NL> character is written at the end of each line. Thus if you want to insert a <NL> character in a file you will have to make a line break. *i_CTRL-X* *insert_expand* CTRL-X enters a sub-mode where several commands can be used. Most of these commands do keyword completion; see |ins-completion|. These are not available when Vim was compiled without the |+insert_expand| feature. Two commands can be used to scroll the window up or down, without exiting insert mode: *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-E* CTRL-X CTRL-E scroll window one line up. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-Y* CTRL-X CTRL-Y scroll window one line down. After CTRL-X is pressed, each CTRL-E (CTRL-Y) scrolls the window up (down) by one line unless that would cause the cursor to move from its current position in the file. As soon as another key is pressed, CTRL-X mode is exited and that key is interpreted as in Insert mode. ============================================================================== 2. Special special keys *ins-special-special* The following keys are special. They stop the current insert, do something, and then restart insertion. This means you can do something without getting out of Insert mode. This is very handy if you prefer to use the Insert mode all the time, just like editors that don't have a separate Normal mode. You may also want to set the 'backspace' option to "indent,eol,start" and set the 'insertmode' option. You can use CTRL-O if you want to map a function key to a command. The changes (inserted or deleted characters) before and after these keys can be undone separately. Only the last change can be redone and always behaves like an "i" command. char action ~ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- <Up> cursor one line up *i_<Up>* <Down> cursor one line down *i_<Down>* CTRL-G <Up> cursor one line up, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_<Up>* CTRL-G k cursor one line up, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_k* CTRL-G CTRL-K cursor one line up, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_CTRL-K* CTRL-G <Down> cursor one line down, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_<Down>* CTRL-G j cursor one line down, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_j* CTRL-G CTRL-J cursor one line down, insert start column *i_CTRL-G_CTRL-J* <Left> cursor one character left *i_<Left>* <Right> cursor one character right *i_<Right>* <S-Left> cursor one word back (like "b" command) *i_<S-Left>* <C-Left> cursor one word back (like "b" command) *i_<C-Left>* <S-Right> cursor one word forward (like "w" command) *i_<S-Right>* <C-Right> cursor one word forward (like "w" command) *i_<C-Right>* <Home> cursor to first char in the line *i_<Home>* <End> cursor to after last char in the line *i_<End>* <C-Home> cursor to first char in the file *i_<C-Home>* <C-End> cursor to after last char in the file *i_<C-End>* <LeftMouse> cursor to position of mouse click *i_<LeftMouse>* <S-Up> move window one page up *i_<S-Up>* <PageUp> move window one page up *i_<PageUp>* <S-Down> move window one page down *i_<S-Down>* <PageDown> move window one page down *i_<PageDown>* <MouseDown> scroll three lines down *i_<MouseDown>* <S-MouseDown> scroll a full page down *i_<S-MouseDown>* <MouseUp> scroll three lines up *i_<MouseUp>* <S-MouseUp> scroll a full page up *i_<S-MouseUp>* CTRL-O execute one command, return to Insert mode *i_CTRL-O* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: If the cursor keys take you out of Insert mode, check the 'noesckeys' option. The CTRL-O command sometimes has one side effect: If the cursor was beyond the end of the line, it will be put on the last character in the line. The shifted cursor keys are not available on all terminals. When the 'whichwrap' option is set appropriately, the <Left> and <Right> keys on the first/last character in the line make the cursor wrap to the previous/next line. The CTRL-G j and CTRL-G k commands can be used to insert text in front of a column. Example: > int i; int j; Position the cursor on the first "int", type "istatic<C-G>j ". The result is: > static int i; int j; When inserting the same text in front of the column in every line, use the Visual blockwise command "I" |v_b_I|. ============================================================================== 3. 'textwidth' and 'wrapmargin' options *ins-textwidth* The 'textwidth' option can be used to automatically break a line before it gets too long. Set the 'textwidth' option to the desired maximum line length. If you then type more characters (not spaces or tabs), the last word will be put on a new line (unless it is the only word on the line). If you set 'textwidth' to 0, this feature is disabled. The 'wrapmargin' option does almost the same. The difference is that 'textwidth' has a fixed width while 'wrapmargin' depends on the width of the screen. When using 'wrapmargin' this is equal to using 'textwidth' with a value equal to (columns - 'wrapmargin'), where columns is the width of the screen. When 'textwidth' and 'wrapmargin' are both set, 'textwidth' is used. If you don't really want to break the line, but view the line wrapped at a convenient place, see the 'linebreak' option. The line is only broken automatically when using insert mode, or when appending to a line. When in replace mode and the line length is not changed, the line will not be broken. Long lines are broken if you enter a non-white character after the margin. The situations where a line will be broken can be restricted by adding characters to the 'formatoptions' option: "l" Only break a line if it was not longer than 'textwidth' when the insert started. "v" Only break at a white character that has been entered during the current insert command. This is mostly Vi-compatible. "lv" Only break if the line was not longer than 'textwidth' when the insert started and only at a white character that has been entered during the current insert command. Only differs from "l" when entering non-white characters while crossing the 'textwidth' boundary. If you want to format a block of text, you can use the "gq" operator. Type "gq" and a movement command to move the cursor to the end of the block. In many cases, the command "gq}" will do what you want (format until the end of paragraph). Alternatively, you can use "gqap", which will format the whole paragraph, no matter where the cursor currently is. Or you can use Visual mode: hit "v", move to the end of the block, and type "gq". See also |gq|. ============================================================================== 4. 'expandtab', 'smarttab' and 'softtabstop' options *ins-expandtab* If the 'expandtab' option is on, spaces will be used to fill the amount of whitespace of the tab. If you want to enter a real <Tab>, type CTRL-V first. The 'expandtab' option is off by default. Note that in Replace mode, a single character is replaced with several spaces. The result of this is that the number of characters in the line increases. Backspacing will delete one space at a time. The original character will be put back for only one space that you backspace over (the last one). {Vi does not have the 'expandtab' option} *ins-smarttab* When the 'smarttab' option is on, a <Tab> inserts 'shiftwidth' positions at the beginning of a line and 'tabstop' positions in other places. This means that often spaces instead of a <Tab> character are inserted. When 'smarttab is off, a <Tab> always inserts 'tabstop' positions, and 'shiftwidth' is only used for ">>" and the like. {not in Vi} *ins-softtabstop* When the 'softtabstop' option is non-zero, a <Tab> inserts 'softtabstop' positions, and a <BS> used to delete white space, will delete 'softtabstop' positions. This feels like 'tabstop' was set to 'softtabstop', but a real <Tab> character still takes 'tabstop' positions, so your file will still look correct when used by other applications. If 'softtabstop' is non-zero, a <BS> will try to delete as much white space to move to the previous 'softtabstop' position, except when the previously inserted character is a space, then it will only delete the character before the cursor. Otherwise you cannot always delete a single character before the cursor. You will have to delete 'softtabstop' characters first, and then type extra spaces to get where you want to be. ============================================================================== 5. Replace mode *Replace* *Replace-mode* *mode-replace* Enter Replace mode with the "R" command in normal mode. In Replace mode, one character in the line is deleted for every character you type. If there is no character to delete (at the end of the line), the typed character is appended (as in Insert mode). Thus the number of characters in a line stays the same until you get to the end of the line. If a <NL> is typed, a line break is inserted and no character is deleted. Be careful with <Tab> characters. If you type a normal printing character in its place, the number of characters is still the same, but the number of columns will become smaller. If you delete characters in Replace mode (with <BS>, CTRL-W, or CTRL-U), what happens is that you delete the changes. The characters that were replaced are restored. If you had typed past the existing text, the characters you added are deleted. This is effectively a character-at-a-time undo. If the 'expandtab' option is on, a <Tab> will replace one character with several spaces. The result of this is that the number of characters in the line increases. Backspacing will delete one space at a time. The original character will be put back for only one space that you backspace over (the last one). {Vi does not have the 'expandtab' option} ============================================================================== 6. Virtual replace mode *vreplace-mode* *Virtual-replace-mode* Enter Virtual replace mode with the "gR" command in normal mode. {not available when compiled without the +vreplace feature} {Vi does not have Virtual replace mode} Virtual replace mode is similar to Replace mode, but instead of replacing actual characters in the file, you are replacing screen real estate, so that characters further on in the file never appear to move. So if you type a <Tab> it may replace several normal characters, and if you type a letter on top of a <Tab> it may not replace anything at all, since the <Tab> will still line up to the same place as before. Typing a <NL> still doesn't cause characters later in the file to appear to move. The rest of the current line will be replaced by the <NL> (that is, they are deleted), and replacing continues on the next line. A new line is NOT inserted unless you go past the end of the file. Interesting effects are seen when using CTRL-T and CTRL-D. The characters before the cursor are shifted sideways as normal, but characters later in the line still remain still. CTRL-T will hide some of the old line under the shifted characters, but CTRL-D will reveal them again. As with Replace mode, using <BS> etc will bring back the characters that were replaced. This still works in conjunction with 'smartindent', CTRL-T and CTRL-D, 'expandtab', 'smarttab', 'softtabstop', etc. In 'list' mode, Virtual replace mode acts as if it was not in 'list' mode, unless "L" is in 'cpoptions'. Note that the only times characters beyond the cursor should appear to move are in 'list' mode, and occasionally when 'wrap' is set (and the line changes length to become shorter or wider than the width of the screen), or momentarily when typing over a CTRL character. A CTRL character takes up two screen spaces. When replacing it with two normal characters, the first will be inserted and the second will replace the CTRL character. This mode is very useful for editing <Tab> separated columns in tables, for entering new data while keeping all the columns aligned. ============================================================================== 7. Insert mode completion *ins-completion* In Insert and Replace modes, there are several commands to complete part of a keyword or line that has been typed. This is useful if you are using complicated keywords (e.g., function names with capitals and underscores). These commands are not available when the |+insert_expand| feature was disabled at compile time. Completion can be done for: 1. Whole lines |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L| 2. keywords in the current file |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-N| 3. keywords in 'dictionary' |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K| 4. keywords in 'thesaurus', thesaurus-style |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-T| 5. keywords in the current and included files |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I| 6. tags |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]| 7. file names |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F| 8. definitions or macros |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D| 9. Vim command-line |i_CTRL-X_CTRL-V| 10. keywords in 'complete' |i_CTRL-N| All these (except 2) are done in CTRL-X mode. This is a sub-mode of Insert and Replace modes. You enter CTRL-X mode by typing CTRL-X and one of the CTRL-X commands. You exit CTRL-X mode by typing a key that is not a valid CTRL-X mode command. Valid keys are the CTRL-X command itself, CTRL-N (next), and CTRL-P (previous). Also see the 'infercase' option if you want to adjust the case of the match. Note: The keys that are valid in CTRL-X mode are not mapped. This allows for ":map ^F ^X^F" to work (where ^F is CTRL-F and ^X is CTRL-X). The key that ends CTRL-X mode (any key that is not a valid CTRL-X mode command) is mapped. The following mappings are suggested to make typing the completion commands a bit easier (although they will hide other commands): :inoremap ^] ^X^] :inoremap ^F ^X^F :inoremap ^D ^X^D :inoremap ^L ^X^L As a special case, typing CTRL-R to perform register insertion (see |i_CTRL-R|) will not exit CTRL-X mode. This is primarily to allow the use of the '=' register to call some function to determine the next operation. If the contents of the register (or result of the '=' register evaluation) are not valid CTRL-X mode keys, then CTRL-X mode will be exited as if those keys had been typed. For example, the following will map <Tab> to either actually insert a <Tab> if the current line is currently only whitespace, or start/continue a CTRL-N completion operation: > function! CleverTab() if strpart( getline('.'), 0, col('.')-1 ) =~ '^\s*$' return "\<Tab>" else return "\<C-N>" endfunction inoremap <Tab> <C-R>=CleverTab()<CR> Completing whole lines *compl-whole-line* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-L* CTRL-X CTRL-L Search backwards for a line that starts with the same characters as in the current line before the cursor. Indent is ignored. The found line is inserted in front of the cursor. The 'complete' option is used to decide in which buffers a match is searched for. But only loaded buffers are used. CTRL-L or CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching line. This line replaces the previous matching line. CTRL-N Search forward for next matching line. This line replaces the previous matching line. CTRL-X CTRL-L After expanding a line you can additionally get the line next to it by typing CTRL-X CTRL-L again, unless a double CTRL-X is used. Completing keywords in current file *compl-current* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-P* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-N* CTRL-X CTRL-N Search forwards for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-X CTRL-P Search backwards for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-N Search forward for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-X CTRL-N or CTRL-X CTRL-P Further use of CTRL-X CTRL-N or CTRL-X CTRL-P will copy the words following the previous expansion in other contexts unless a double CTRL-X is used. If there is a keyword in front of the cursor (a name made out of alphabetic characters and characters in 'iskeyword'), it is used as the search pattern, with "\<" prepended (meaning: start of a word). Otherwise "\<\k\k" is used as search pattern (start of any keyword of at least two characters). In Replace mode, the number of characters that are replaced depends on the length of the matched string. This works like typing the characters of the matched string in Replace mode. If there is not a valid keyword character before the cursor, any keyword of at least two characters is matched. e.g., to get: printf("(%g, %g, %g)", vector[0], vector[1], vector[2]); just type: printf("(%g, %g, %g)", vector[0], ^P[1], ^P[2]); Multiple repeats of the same completion are skipped; thus a different match will be inserted at each CTRL-N and CTRL-P (unless there is only one matching keyword). Single character matches are never included, as they usually just get in the way of what you were really after. e.g., to get: printf("name = %s\n", name); just type: printf("name = %s\n", n^P); or even: printf("name = %s\n", ^P); The 'n' in '\n' is skipped. After expanding a word, you can use CTRL-X CTRL-P or CTRL-X CTRL-N to get the word following the expansion in other contexts. These sequences search for the text just expanded and further expand by getting an extra word. This is useful if you need to repeat a sequence of complicated words. Although CTRL-P and CTRL-N look just for strings of at least two characters, CTRL-X CTRL-P and CTRL-X CTRL-N can be used to expand words of just one character. e.g., to get: México you can type: M^N^P^X^P^X^P CTRL-N starts the expansion and then CTRL-P takes back the single character "M", the next two CTRL-X CTRL-P's get the words "é" and ";xico". If the previous expansion was split, because it got longer than 'textwidth', then just the text in the current line will be used. If the match found is at the end of a line, then the first word in the next line will be inserted and the message "word from next line" displayed, if this word is accepted the next CTRL-X CTRL-P or CTRL-X CTRL-N will search for those lines starting with this word. Completing keywords in 'dictionary' *compl-dictionary* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-K* CTRL-X CTRL-K Search the files given with the 'dictionary' option for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. This is like CTRL-N, but only the dictionary files are searched, not the current file. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. This could potentially be pretty slow, since all matches are found before the first match is used. By default, the 'dictionary' option is empty. For suggestions where to find a list of words, see the 'dictionary' option. CTRL-K or CTRL-N Search forward for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-T* CTRL-X CTRL-T Works as CTRL-X CTRL-K, but in a special way. It uses the 'thesaurus' option instead of 'dictionary'. If a match is found in the thesaurus file, all the remaining words on the same line are included as matches, even though they don't complete the word. Thus a word can be completely replaced. For an example, imagine the 'thesaurus' file has a line like this: > angry furious mad enraged < Placing the cursor after the letters "ang" and typing CTRL-X CTRL-T would complete the word "angry"; subsequent presses would change the word to "furious", "mad" etc. Other uses include translation between two languages, or grouping API functions by keyword. CTRL-T or CTRL-N Search forward for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. Completing keywords in the current and included files *compl-keyword* The 'include' option is used to specify a line that contains an include file name. The 'path' option is used to search for include files. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-I* CTRL-X CTRL-I Search for the first keyword in the current and included files that starts with the same characters as those before the cursor. The matched keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. Note: CTRL-I is the same as <Tab>, which is likely to be typed after a successful completion, therefore CTRL-I is not used for searching for the next match. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-X CTRL-I Further use of CTRL-X CTRL-I will copy the words following the previous expansion in other contexts unless a double CTRL-X is used. Completing tags *compl-tag* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-]* CTRL-X CTRL-] Search for the first tag that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The matching tag is inserted in front of the cursor. Alphabetic characters and characters in 'iskeyword' are used to decide which characters are included in the tag name (same as for a keyword). See also |CTRL-]|. The 'showfulltag' option can be used to add context from around the tag definition. CTRL-] or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching tag. This tag replaces the previous matching tag. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching tag. This tag replaces the previous matching tag. Completing file names *compl-filename* *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-F* CTRL-X CTRL-F Search for the first file name that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The matching file name is inserted in front of the cursor. Alphabetic characters and characters in 'isfname' are used to decide which characters are included in the file name. Note: the 'path' option is not used here (yet). CTRL-F or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching file name. This file name replaces the previous matching file name. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching file name. This file name replaces the previous matching file name. Completing definitions or macros *compl-define* The 'define' option is used to specify a line that contains a definition. The 'include' option is used to specify a line that contains an include file name. The 'path' option is used to search for include files. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-D* CTRL-X CTRL-D Search in the current and included files for the first definition (or macro) name that starts with the same characters as before the cursor. The found definition name is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-D or CTRL-N Search forwards for next matching macro name. This macro name replaces the previous matching macro name. CTRL-P Search backward for previous matching macro name. This macro name replaces the previous matching macro name. CTRL-X CTRL-D Further use of CTRL-X CTRL-D will copy the words following the previous expansion in other contexts unless a double CTRL-X is used. Completing Vim commands *compl-vim* Completion is context-sensitive. It works like on the Command-line. It completes an Ex command as well as its arguments. *i_CTRL-X_CTRL-V* CTRL-X CTRL-V Guess what kind of item is in front of the cursor and find the first match for it. CTRL-V or CTRL-N Search forwards for next match. This match replaces the previous one. CTRL-P Search backward for previous match. This match replaces the previous one. CTRL-X CTRL-V Further use of CTRL-X CTRL-V will do the same as CTRL-V. This allows mapping a key to do Vim command completion, for example: > :imap <Tab> <C-X><C-V> Completing keywords from different sources *compl-generic* *i_CTRL-N* CTRL-N Search backwards in the places given with the 'complete' option for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. *i_CTRL-P* CTRL-P Search forwards in the places given with the 'complete' option for words that start with the keyword in front of the cursor. The found keyword is inserted in front of the cursor. CTRL-N Search forward for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-P Search backwards for next matching keyword. This keyword replaces the previous matching keyword. CTRL-X CTRL-N or CTRL-X CTRL-P Further use of CTRL-X CTRL-N or CTRL-X CTRL-P will copy the words following the previous expansion in other contexts unless a double CTRL-X is used. ============================================================================== 8. Insert mode commands *inserting* The following commands can be used to insert new text into the buffer. They can all be undone and repeated with the "." command. *a* a Append text after the cursor [count] times. *A* A Append text at the end of the line [count] times. <insert> or *i* *insert* *<Insert>* i Insert text before the cursor [count] times. *I* I Insert text before the first non-blank in the line [count] times. *gI* gI Insert text in column 1 [count] times. {not in Vi} *gi* gi Insert text in the same position as where Insert mode was stopped last time in the current buffer. This uses the |'^| mark. It's different from "`^i" when the mark is past the end of the line. The position is corrected for inserted/deleted lines, but NOT for inserted/deleted characters. {not in Vi} *o* o Begin a new line below the cursor and insert text, repeat [count] times. {Vi: blank [count] screen lines} *O* O Begin a new line above the cursor and insert text, repeat [count] times. {Vi: blank [count] screen lines} These commands are used to start inserting text. You can end insert mode with <Esc>. See |mode-ins-repl| for the other special characters in Insert mode. The effect of [count] takes place after Insert mode is exited. When 'autoindent' is on, the indent for a new line is obtained from the previous line. When 'smartindent' or 'cindent' is on, the indent for a line is automatically adjusted for C programs. 'textwidth' can be set to the maximum width for a line. When a line becomes too long when appending characters a line break is automatically inserted. ============================================================================== 9. Ex insert commands *inserting-ex* *:a* *:append* :{range}a[ppend] Insert several lines of text below the specified line. If the {range} is missing, the text will be inserted after the current line. *:i* *:in* *:insert* :{range}i[nsert] Insert several lines of text above the specified line. If the {range} is missing, the text will be inserted before the current line. These two commands will keep on asking for lines, until you type a line containing only a ".". Watch out for lines starting with a backslash, see |line-continuation|. *:start* *:startinsert* :star[tinsert][!] Start Insert mode just after executing this command. Works like typing "i" in Normal mode. When the ! is included it works like "A", append to the line. Otherwise insertion starts at the cursor position. Note that when using this command in a function or script, the insertion only starts after the function or script is finished. {not in Vi} {not available when compiled without the +ex_extra feature} ============================================================================== 10. Inserting a file *inserting-file* *:r* *:re* *:read* :r[ead] [name] Insert the file [name] (default: current file) below the cursor. :{range}r[ead] [name] Insert the file [name] (default: current file) below the specified line. *:r!* *:read!* :r[ead] !{cmd} Execute {cmd} and insert its standard output below the cursor. A temporary file is used to store the output of the command which is then read into the buffer. 'shellredir' is used to save the output of the command, which can be set to include stderr or not. {cmd} is executed like with ":!{cmd}", any '!' is replaced with the previous command |:!|. These commands insert the contents of a file, or the output of a command, into the buffer. They can be undone. They cannot be repeated with the "." command. They work on a line basis, insertion starts below the line in which the cursor is, or below the specified line. To insert text above the first line use the command ":0r {name}". After the ":read" command, the cursor is left on the first non-blank in the first new line. Unless in Ex mode, then the cursor is left on the last new line (sorry, this is Vi compatible). If a file name is given with ":r", it becomes the alternate file. This can be used, for example, when you want to edit that file instead: ":e! #". This can be switched off by removing the 'a' flag from the 'cpoptions' option. *file-read* The 'fileformat' option sets the <EOL> style for a file: 'fileformat' characters name ~ "dos" <CR><NL> or <NL> DOS format "unix" <NL> Unix format "mac" <CR> Mac format Previously 'textmode' was used. It is obsolete now. If 'fileformat' is "dos", a <CR> in front of an <NL> is ignored and a CTRL-Z at the end of the file is ignored. If 'fileformat' is "mac", a <NL> in the file is internally represented by a <CR>. This is to avoid confusion with a <NL> which is used to represent a <NUL>. See |CR-used-for-NL|. If the 'fileformats' option is not empty Vim tries to recognize the type of <EOL> (see |file-formats|). However, the 'fileformat' option will not be changed, the detected format is only used while reading the file. On non-MS-DOS, Win32, and OS/2 systems the message "[dos format]" is shown if a file is read in DOS format, to remind you that something unusual is done. On Macintosh, MS-DOS, Win32, and OS/2 the message "[unix format]" is shown if a file is read in Unix format. On non-Macintosh systems, the message "[Mac format]" is shown if a file is read in Mac format. An example on how to use ":r !": > :r !uuencode binfile binfile This command reads "binfile", uuencodes it and reads it into the current buffer. Useful when you are editing e-mail and want to include a binary file. *read-messages* When reading a file Vim will display a message with information about the read file. In the table is an explanation for some of the items. The others are self explanatory. Using the long or the short version depends on the 'shortmess' option. long short meaning ~ [readonly] {RO} the file is write protected [fifo/socket] using a stream [fifo] using a fifo stream [socket] using a socket stream [CR missing] reading with "dos" 'fileformat' and a NL without a preceding CR was found. [NL found] reading with "mac" 'fileformat' and a NL was found (could be "unix" format) [long lines split] at least one line was split in two [NOT converted] conversion from 'fileencoding' to 'encoding' was desired but not possible [converted] conversion from 'fileencoding' to 'encoding' done [crypted] file was decrypted [READ ERRORS] not all of the file could be read vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: